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error.cao
3.2
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{0 .1, 2.0, 3.0,4.0, }
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sh??h??s1??0.1???s2??2.0??h?sn??jn?jn??±?
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?n SnSn+1 s ?SnSn+1??
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ôX?hX???h
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3.3?
?h?h?????L?±
?L??hz
z???=> ???
?'õL????L?h?????
h?XYg?g?R??XYh?x,yR??xRy?xy??
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?i??
¼?XY ={????·??}
?R={?·??}
????L?UML?"?"?? {xX| ?yYx,yR}?RK
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???Lz???hL????????"??"?????ô?K?
{yY| ?xXx,yR}?R?
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h?hjh?????j??g
??l?ig?h??öh?g©??öLg????????
????L?h??????K???hX?L?L?????????????ù??????
X?L?RÿxX?x,xR?R?g
X?L?Rÿx,yX(x,y) R?y,xR?R???g
X?L?Rÿx,yX(x,y) Rxy?y,xR?R???g
X?L?Rÿx,y,zX(x,y) R?y,zR?x,zR?R??g
?L????g?ù?R??gh???L?????????????UML?L?û???????L???ô???Lo
¼?'ù?????????¼?g??g?
??h???????
??L?
(x,y) Rxy
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X?L?R?k??l??gR?ht
R?X?htx,yXxyyx?xy???gx,yXxyyx?xy??X?????ô?R??
???h?L???t?
h???R?"?"
?X={234}
?R={222,3,(3,3),(3,4),(4,4),(2,4)}
??22(3,3), (4,4) R
??2,3 R (3,2) R
??2,3(3,4) R (2,4) R
X??X?????g'?R?
??????h???
??lh???gt??h?¼?
h¼
?X={'??????}
??R={''', ?,( , ),( , ),( , ),( ', )}
??''( , ), (, ) R
??', ? R ?'R
??', ?( , ) R ( ', ) R
X??X?????g'?Rt
?t????t??l?t?K????l;???????L?g
?????????gL?g?L???????j??õ?????
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X?h?g??l??L??Xh???
hX?j???R??X??????????????g
ó?
R?X?h???ÿaX
[a]={ xX|xRa }
S={ [a]|aX } Xh?
3.4?
?XYL???k?'ù?????k????
X????Y???xRy?xy?????1?0???Rl
???ht?úñ???????????
3.5??
???????ghn??L???n??
h?h?l¼?
??¼????
?:???????????????????
?????h??h????????h??
????g?g??????h?hµ????
????mn???¶?
3.6
hh?L?
????'??'?""Lã?l?????l"??"????J?
h????
hXYL???XY?
RK={ xX | yY'x,yR }
fhXYL??'f?hfKX?x,y'f?y = y'
hXYL?fh?JXYL?
1F?X
2.(x,y),(x,y') f,y=y'
hXYl???f:X->Y
xh?yh?x mod y?xy
?????h??????L??????????????g???g?????
3.7?
?jL??J¼???????????k?h??h??Sh????S????????l????g??gK?
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